Wilderness and Rescue Medicine 8th Edition

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Section V: Environmental Medicine

Chapter 20 Review: Medical Aspects of Avalanche Rescue

• Most avalanche fatalities are caused by asphyxia, with trauma being the second most common cause of death. Few die of hypothermia. The most important factor in survival of avalanche burial is the speed of recovery. • If a live victim is recovered, the primary problem addressed by the medical practitioner will be respi- ratory arrest due to asphyxiation. This can occur because of snow packed into the nose and mouth, the formation of an ice mask, or restricted respiratory excursion due to the pressure of the snow pack. • The treatment for avalanche survivors includes immediate positive pressure ventilation (PPV), supplemental oxygen, and evacuation. Once the patient is freed from the snow pack, hypothermia becomes an anticipated problem. • The decision to perform any treatment on scene should consider the risk of a second avalanche. • Avalanche rescue is a high-risk activity and requires specialized training and expertise.

Unfortunately, training in avalanche awareness alone is not enough to prevent an accident. Many people who end up buried are well aware of the avalanche risk.